“Last mile” is a term used for describing connection between the individual subscriber and service provider routing center. It is a final connection between the customer and the core network. PON is containing of network interface unit located on the customer part, remote node and the terminating equipment located at the central office. The connection between the remote node and network interface unit is referred as the distribution network, while the connection between central office and remote node is a feeder network. Main services for the broadband access networks are the downstream services that can individually direct, broadcast or multicast services depending on chosen architecture and technology.

 

The access networks are oftenly referred as the slowing factor in the telecommunication infrastructure. Mainly it happens due the increasing demand for higher speed bandwidth which is limited in widely deployed residential access technologies like Del and cable data. On the other hand it is available for the core optional networks and LANs/

 

We should understand the difference between the legacy network in LANs with maximum bandwidth of 10 to 100 Mbps and the optical networks that has different corvine wavelengths in WDM where each wavelength is capable of carrying tens of gigabits per second. Old equipment is the main slowing factor for the increasing bandwidth and since old equipment is mostly allocated at the customer premises it is being called last mile on last kilometer problem. Many service provides are choosing solving this problem a priority for future broadband access.

 

Most of the worldwide access providers are investing to the FTTH and BWA in order to solve this problem faster.　PON approach is the most attractive due of the ability to deliver gigabit-rate signal cost-efficiently. It is often being compared to the active component network-VDSL，PON is lowering the cost of the network deployment and maintenance by using passive components in remote node between the OLT and ONU/ONT.

 

Investments to the PON upgrade should be done going downstream starting from the enteral office and ending in customer premises. First the aggregation link on the OLT is being located and a transport network point of presence. Then PON access site should be deployed in the remote node. Next, the feeder lines for multiple remote nodes in multiple PONs should be deployed. Finally, the “first mile” is being covered the passive splitter and access lines to customer ONTs/ONUs.

 

PON is getting more cost effective when the density of the access sites is increasing. However, at some point the costs are starting to get higher because of the aggregation inks. These expenses are getting higher than savings from the shorten feeder links in the network. But in the scenario where access sites are being selected appropriately, the expenses might be lowering twice compared to the P2P Ethernet. Also we should not forget that PON consumes much less energy.

 

The PON standards can be written in the table:

 

Broadband Passive Optical Network	BPON	ITU-T G.983.1
Ethernet Passive Optical Network	EPON	IEE 802.3-2008
Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network	GPON	ITU-T G.984.1
10Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network	10G PON	IEEE 802.3av-2009 and ITU-T G.987

 

All of the PONs are using TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) technologies. Both systems are using single optical carrier, but while TDM is using it for down-upstream. Another type of PON –the WDM-PON is currently under development for future systems with higher capacity using multiple wavelengths.