Splitter is a passive device that splits optical signal in the downstream direction in 1 x N manner. PON splitter delivers the same signal from OLT to all ONUs/ONTs. Signal is being delivered with the same power over the N output fibers. PON is usually using devices that combine splitter/coupler in one and use them for downstream/upstream distribution.

 

 

Figure 1. Alternative 1:16 splitter implementations

 

The amount of ports in splitter (N) is determining its signal loss. Optical splitter/coupler is having the same loss in both directions. Any split ratio can be achieved in many different ways as shown in Figure 1. Increasing amount of splitters creates power loss, making 1:64 maximum split ratio. Different ITU-T Recommendations specify different split ratios:

 

• 802.3ah – 16

• G.983 – 32

• G.984 – 64

Typical splitter specifications are shown in Table 1.

 

Table 1.

 

Dual Window Wideband	Wavelength Range     (nm)	Typical IL     (dB)	Max  IL    (dB)	Uniformity (dB)	Return Loss (dB)	Directivity (dB)	PDL    (dB)
1×2   Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1580 nm	3.20	3.60	0.70	≥55	≥50	0.20
2×4 Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1580 nm	6.30	7.80	≥1.6	≥55	≥50	0.30
2×8 Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1580 nm	10.20	11.00	2.00	≥55	≥55	0.20
1×4 Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1625 nm	6.60	7.00	0.80	≥55	≥55	0.20
1×8 Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1625 nm	9.80	10.40	≥1.0	≥55	≥55	0.20
1×16 Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1625 nm	10.20	11.00	2.00	≥55	≥55	0.20
1×32 Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1625 nm	15.70	17.10	≥1.5	≥55	≥55	0.30
2×16 Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1625 nm	13.30	14.50	2.30	≥55	≥55	0.40
2×32 Splitter	1260-1360 and 1480-1625 nm	17.00	17.50	2.50	≥55	≥55	0.40

 

Legend for the Table 1 is:

 

• Wavelength range – first value supported wavelengths by splitter, second value – supported wavelengths by coupler

• Insertion Loss (IL) – amount of signal loss after going through device

• Typical IL – measured at room temperature at specified center wavelength

• Max IL – measured with range of temperatures and wavelengths

• Uniformity – maximum difference between highest/lowest IL and the leg of splitter

• Return Loss (RL) amount of reflected signal

• Directivity – ratio of the power radiated in the output direction to the average of the power radiated in all directions.

• Polarization-Dependent Loss (PDL) – variation of the splitter insertion loss with varying states of the signal polarization

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